在汉语领导称谓中,最常见的莫过于带"长"字的。但一样的"长"在英语中却有不同的表达,在非行政体系中:
校长(大学):President of Beijing University
校长(中小学):Principal/Headmaster of Donghai Middle School
院长(大学下属院、系的首长):Dean of the Graduate School
院长(医院):President of Huadong Hospital
院长(中科院):President of the Chinese academy of Science
会长(学/协会):President of the Student Union, Shanghai University
厂长(企业):Manager / Director of the Machine Tools Manufacturing Plant
火车站站长:Chief of a station
代表团团长:Head of a delegation
军队中的各级"长": Commander,如师长:Division Commander
检察长:Procurator-General
审判长:Chief Judge
护士长:Head Nurse
秘书长:Secretary-General
参谋长:Chief of Staff
厨师长:Head Cook
"长"字用得最多的还是行政体系中:
部长(国务院下属部): Minister
部长(党政系统,如宣传部长):Head
部长(中央军委各部):Director
注:企业中的各部(如公关部)负责人一般都用"经理",如以"部长"称之,则也适宜用Director。
司长: Director
厅长: Director
(由于司和厅属于同一级别,所以两者的首长称谓也应统一。)
局长: Director
中 国的"局"是一个用得十分普遍的行政机构名称,它既可以是部级的,如"国家环保总局";副部级的,如"国家工商管理局";地厅级的,如省环保局;也可以是 县处级甚至科级的,如市、区工商局,在其首长的称谓上我们一般采取以下原则,即对副部级以上的"局长",译作:Director General,其它局长一律用Director来概括。将部级局长译作Director General ,可以使之与下属"司长"(译作:Director)有效区分,更好地体现出行政等级。
县长 County Chief
在美国,县,即 County的最高行政领导有各种不同称呼,如: Chief Executive、 Mayor、 Manager等,鉴于在我国Mayor作为市长的对译已深入人心,将"县长"称作County Mayor,人们会不习惯,同理,称作Manager也很别扭,笔者以为照顾习惯选择Chief Executive 作为县长的英译应是上策。
另外,我国当前有些人将"县长"译为County Magistrate,笔者认为不妥。
《韦 氏字典》对Magistrate的释义是:1. A civil officer charged with the administration of the law. 2. a minor judicial officer, as a justice of the peace or the judge of a police court, having jurisdiction to try minor criminal cases and to conduct preliminary examinations of persons charged with serious crimes。
从上述释义可以看出,Magistrate是一种司法官员;在美国各地的县(County)下设有 Magistrate's Court,相当县治安法庭,而 County Magistrate就相当于县治安法官了,负责审理一些小案件。我国古代的县令,普遍译为County Magistrate, 那是因为当时县令经常承担审案之责,确有和上述Magistrate相似之处,但现在的县长却不能去审案。
以"县长"类推--
区长: District Chief
镇长:Town Chief,也可称为:Town Mayor
乡长:Township Chief
村长: Village Head
"村长"也有多种翻译,如Village Chief、 Village Head、 Village Mayor,"村长"的正式官名是"村委会主任",可以译为:Chairman(Head) of Villager's Committee, 推存使用Head。
科长/股长:Section Chief
所长:Director
Tuesday, August 26, 2008
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